Thursday, April 16, 2015

Melanoma Pathways....A Melanoma Molecular Disease Model

I came upon this article and diagram (Well...truth be told, Bentie did!!!) when we were doing some research for a friend.  While cellular pathways remain very complicated (and  our current understanding of them is probably only the tip of the melanoma pathway iceberg) I thought this diagram was helpful in demonstrating at which point various drugs and treatment combinations are aimed when we hear them described by our docs and in research.
This diagram and the explanation below is from:
A Melanoma Molecular Disease Model.  Vidwans SJ, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE, Tenenbaum JM, Travers MD, et al. (2011)PLoS ONE 6(3): e18257. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018257





"The two major signaling pathways implicated in melanoma are the MAPK pathway (red) and the AKT/PI3K (green) pathway which regulate cell growth, proliferation and cell death.

There is a lot of cross-talk between these pathways and their downstream effectors, which we have classified into 8 pathways for simplicity to account for differences in treatment modalities (e.g. signaling through NRAS could affect both MAPK and AKT/PI3K pathways). The additional 6 pathways are: c-KIT (pink), CDK (blue), GNAQ/GNA11 (brown), MITF (orange), NRAS (yellow), and P53/BCL (purple). The complex relationship among BRAF, ARF/INK4A (via dashed line), p16, and p14ARF connotes an alternative splicing relationship."

Now that's about as clear as a colorful mud-pie, isn't it??? - c

Sunday, April 12, 2015

Happy New Year!!! (aka....SPRING!)


It seems to me that this time of year...as everything is bright, blossoming and new...is a much more appropriate time to make resolutions and celebrate that which is to come....than is January!  So...in that spirit....

The baseboards and curtains are clean.  My closet has been cleared of it's debris and organized with the coming year in mind.  Roses are pruned.  Wildflowers.....YES!!!  I now have trout lilies, pussy toes (I think those are the ones I dubbed Dr. Seuss flowers!), Virginia bluebells, foam flowers, bloodroot, Jacob's ladder!!!..have been planted.  (Please don't die!  Please don't die!!!)  My desk and sundry records have been reorganized.  Printers have been consolidated.  Summer sewing has been planned and some of it cut out.  Taxes have been dealt with.  Refreshing visits with old friends (SISTERS!!) and new (Star Base Sistah's!!!!!!), provided inspiration, rest, and joy.  {Thanks to you, all.  Sorry about the door stop prick!!!!} I have been spoiled by delicious dinners and hikes and trips and sweetness from the Brentster.  I have been comforted and uplifted by the words of others after they read words of mine.  And......the year is young!!


I look forward to more reading and writing and research and playing and loving and running and hiking and kiddos and cooking....and.....
I will wear my gloves and try to take better care of my nails!  So there!!!!

To all of you...Happy Spring.  Happy joy!  Happy Life!!  - c

Thursday, April 9, 2015

Everything kills melanoma...Take 4:

Those of you who have hung around this blog for a while may be familiar with this post variation.  I occasionally note "discoveries" of things that kill melanoma and a wide variety of other cancers.  They range from coffee to strawberry juice to snake venom to mushrooms. I have left off many...starfish snot comes to mind.  Here are a few of the prior installments:

Everything Cures Melanoma...so why do we have it?

One mo one!

Snake Venom and Sophora Root

And now there's this:

Chemistry and Anticarcinogenic Mechanisms of Glycoalkaloids Produced by Eggplants, Potatoes, and Tomatoes.  J Agric Food Chem.  March 2015.  Friedman.

"Inhibition of cancer can occur via apoptosis, a genetically directed process of cell self-destruction that involves numerous biomarkers and signaling pathways.  Glycoalkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites found in numerous Solanaceous plants including eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes.  Exposure of cancer cells to glycoalkaloids produced by [these foods] or their hydrolysis products inhibits the growth of the cells in culture [read petri dish] as well as tumor growth in vivo [read lab rat of some sort]. "

Friedman notes that compounds in these three foods cause apoptosis (cell death) in bone, breast, cervical, colon, gastric, glioblastoma, leukemia, liver, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreas, prostate, and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Then Friedman goes on to say..."The described results may make it possible to better relate the structures of the active compounds to their health-promoting function, individually, in combination, and in food, and allow the consumer to select glycoalkaloid-containing food with the optimal content of nontoxic beneficial compounds."

Well, damn!!!  If I had only eaten more taters, maters, and aubergines I wouldn't be in my current pickle!!!!  Seriously, those are diet staples in my world.  Ask B and Janara about the quantities of egg plant I eat and prepare for friends and family!!!!

On the other hand....if a miracle treatment can be derived to treat any cancerous malady from the most unassuming plant or other source....that would be fabulous.  After all, Vincristine, a powerful chemotherapeutic agent listed as one of the world's most essential medicines by the WHO, comes from the lowly periwinkle.

It pays to smell the flowers! - c

Sunday, April 5, 2015

April in Cades Cove...

...is ruled by the God of Small Things.

Bishop's Cap  Can you see them?

Bloodroot  So called because the Cherokee used the red juice in the rhizome to dye baskets, cloth, and body paint.  Ingestion of the juice is ill advised as it can be lethal!!!

These odd little flowers (?) grew on stalks from a mat of purplish green leaves.  They weren't in my wild flower book, so I dubbed them:  Dr. Seuss Flowers!!

Dutchman's Britches  Do you see the pantaloons?!!! I had longed to see these 'in person' ever since I saw a picture of them in a wildflower book my granny gave me sooooo many years ago.  The excitement poor Bentie had to endure was pretty intense!!!

These were seen on a couple of our hikes and are clearly Fairy Cabanas, being put up by the residents of a most beautiful Fairy Glade in the White Oak Sink.  (They are to me, anyway!)

Fern Fronds

Sharp-Lobed Hepatica  A dull, liver related name, I fear, for a very beautiful little flower.


Rue Anemone above and Spring Beauty below.  I can't begin to show how beautifully the ground was covered in all these beautiful little flowers.

Squirrel Corn whose leaves when I first spied them without the blooms had me thinking I was looking at a Bleeding Heart....but NO!!!  They are in the same family, along with Dutchman's Britches.

Shining Club Moss  Not a very good pic, but it was quite shiny!

Spring Beauty.  Loved the name, the look and the fact that the blossoms only open when the sun shines just so.

Squirrel Corn  Because squirrels supposedly eat the tubers.  They didn't eat these!

Cut-Leaved Toothwort  One of the cresses, per Mountain Folks, whose leaves apparently taste like arugula and whose rhizome is peppery like a radish.  Is so named because the tooth-like appearance of the root made docs think it could cure toothaches!

Sweet White Trillium  B insists that he risked life and limb in order for me to take this pic.  Such a Drama King!!!

Northern White Violet  Maybe????

Woolly Blue Violet

Beaked Violet

Halberd-Leaved Violet

Trout-Lily  Before we started I told Brent that I really wanted to see this flower, but doubted I ever would!!!  But, what do you know?  Yes, they all hang their heads.  Their name comes from their leaves...that are speckled like a trout.  Beautiful and amazing, no?????
Ascribed variously to Mark Twain, Sir William James, George Roemisch....."Forgiveness is the fragrance that the violet sheds on the heel that has crushed it."  Not sure Bloodroot is so forgiving!

Just a small bit of the beauty that is the Middle Prong.


A beautiful 4 days with 29 miles of hikes.  Wonderful company.  A beautiful place.  A lucky life.  I dedicate these pics to B, Dan and Don, and Granny.  Who have all indulged me in so many ways...but especially in my love for small things.  Blessings to you all.  -  c

Thursday, April 2, 2015

Health Monitor Magazine focuses on melanoma!!!



The folks from Health Monitor magazine contacted me a while back asking if I was willing to be interviewed for their publication (along with some other amazing folks dealing with melanoma, too)...an in-office magazine that patients can pick up at their doctor's offices.  Each magazine focuses on one disease process or another and in the past they have addressed diabetes, living with cancer, arthritis, eye care, etc.  For this issue, they wanted to focus on melanoma!!!  With some trepidation I agreed and an editor sent me a panel of questions that I could respond to as a start.  Most were the usual stuff.  What happened? How did you find out you had the disease?  What treatments have you had?  But, the questions that made me really think were these:  Was your diagnosis of melanoma a silver lining for which you are thankful?  and...  Are you a different person now than you were before your diagnosis? 

Well....  Hmmm.... To the first question, the answer is very easy.  HELL NO!!! I am NOT one of those people who will tell you they are soooo thankful that they had cancer.  But....that seemed to need an explanation.  As to whether I was changed because of my diagnosis, I really, really wanted to say, "NO!!  Absolutely not!"  Yet, was that the truth? I thought about it for several weeks.  I spoke with friends and family.  Tammy B said it best, "No.  You're not the same person you were before.  Anybody who agrees to have their head zapped and go through the things you have been through is certainly changed.  And that's not a bad thing."  I wrote the essay below in answer to the questions I was sent.  I wasn't sure it would be anything that anybody, much less the editor, would be interested in.  But, I decided to be REAL!!  To my amazement, they liked it.  So much so that I was asked to be on the cover.  What appears in print is a much more condensed version,  as I fully expected it would be.  A nurse at work put the collage above together and sent it to me.  My peeps saw the publication before I did, since my office had subscribed and got their copies on a day I was off!  It actually surprised me that my blog title, chosen so many years ago, echo's so perfectly what I feel now, looking back...and forward.  Here is the essay....


Chaotically Precise:  Life, Love, and almost 12 years with Melanoma
Melanoma is a sneaky beast.  Symptoms caused by its intrusion are often nonexistent until the victim is dealing with significant brain or other internal metastasis.  Even external skin lesions can seem small and innocuous.  They are not always black and fierce looking!   Sometimes there is no “primary” lesion at all.

My melanoma journey began in 2003, when my husband agreed that a small nevus on my back had changed.  I visited a local dermatologist.  The lesion needed to go.  He called me himself, sooner than he’d said he would, to tell me the pathology report confirmed melanoma. We were not surprised.  I am grateful to this day that he made the call, rather than waste my time with another appointment or leave that uncomfortable chore to his office nurse.  

To say that I was not surprised does not mean that I was not hysterical…on the inside.  I was only 39! My kids were just 10 and 12 in the throes of middle school!  After 19 years as a pediatric nurse, I was fulfilling my dream of gaining my masters and pediatric nurse practitioner certification at the University of Alabama at Birmingham despite the 6 hour round trip twice weekly.  With family, work and study…I did not have time for this!!

I didn’t have time to be hysterical either. I needed to find a surgeon for resection with appropriate margins and node biopsy.  Despite a good rep and supposed expertise in oncology surgery, I managed to pick a complete jerk.  To my concern over the diagnosis of melanoma he replied, “Oh, you’re much more likely to die in a car wreck.” To my desire for a sentinel node biopsy, “You don’t need that for this lesion.”  I pushed and made it happen.  And, yes.  I did need it, since one of the three sentinel nodes that lit up in my right axilla proved positive for melanoma.  

In melanoma world, things can get murky fast.  To do or not to do sentinel node biopsy followed by the removal of nodes in the area if the sentinel node is positive remains controversial, especially for thin lesions like mine.   My lesion measured only 0.61 mm Breslow thickness, Clark level IV, but was not ulcerated.  Older data notes that for lesions measuring 1mm or smaller, the chance of finding a positive node is 5% or less.  More recent studies found 18% of such patients had positive sentinel nodes and determined that biopsy was even more important for thin lesions with the additional risk factors of ulceration, nodular growth, mitosis, regression, or patient age less than 40. 

Having had all of the insensitive surgeon I could take, when the path report for the sentinel node was positive, I sought a truly kind and brilliant local surgeon to provide the complete lymphadenectomy indicated due to the positive node.  Controversy reigns regarding complete lymphadenectomy as well, since we know patients can still develop melanoma at other sites after the procedure and there is the risk of swelling in the adjacent limb secondary to lymphedema.  However, new data demonstrates improved survival rates for patients who choose the procedure. 

I had sixteen additional nodes removed, none of which were positive.  I worked hard to recover full function and range of motion to my right arm with exercises recommended to breast cancer patients.  I have been lucky to have never developed lymphedema.  

Next stop, oncologist.  He was an incredibly sweet man who very sadly informed me that HE felt devastated whenever he had to take care of patients with renal cell carcinoma or melanoma.  (Years later, Dr. Weber also said: “Melanoma is the kind of tumor that gives cancer a bad name!”)  My local onc begged me to do a year of interferon.  When I noted the sad facts related to interferon’s lack of tangible success in prolonging life or preventing further disease, he replied with tears in his eyes, “But you’re so young, I just can’t stand it for you to do nothing.”  His dismay and horror at my condition were most disconcerting and uncomfortable, but in 2003, there really was nothing else to offer.  I decided to “watch and wait” as the rest of my body including my brain was clear on scans.

What was I to do with the rest of my life???  I knew I might be lucky and be done with melanoma or those nasty cells that had already proved they had traveled to my lymph node might still be floating around, lurking and ugly.  My husband and I had hard and truthful talks with the kids, family and friends.  I met with my professors.  They allowed me to take an incomplete and finish remaining course work, along with already scheduled courses, the following semester.  I am forever grateful for their help.  I graduated in 2005.

Despite dermatology exams every 3 months, between visits in 2007, a strange, dark, tiny, raised spot developed, seemingly overnight, on the inner aspect of my left arm.  I knew it was melanoma.  Nothing else grew that fast and looked that ugly.  My dedicated derm removed it and called again with the bad news, path positive for melanoma.  

What the heck?!!!!  Was I never going to get a break?  It had been almost 5 years since my last lesion!  I had never been a serious sun worshiper.  Yes, there had been a couple of sunburns as a child and a couple more as a young adult.  How could this be???  Research tells us that the use of tanning beds before the age of 35 increases the risk of developing melanoma by 75%.  However, we also know that sun exposure is not melanoma’s only cause.  And in truth, I had been lucky.  Not everyone gets almost 5 melanoma free years after their first lesion, especially with a positive node.

Sentinel node testing was done.  When the resection was completed by my surgeon he removed the sentinel node along with 12 additional ones from my left axilla.  They were all negative.  Oncology still had no real treatment options.  We discussed IL2.  However, after the lesion was removed I was again NED.  Having ‘no evidence of disease’ elsewhere in my body according to scans, IL2 seemed a little extreme.  I opted to continue to watch and wait with the addition of “cherry picking” lesions as they cropped up.

In 2009 a routine chest X-ray, part of the occasional radiological survey along with some PET scans done during those years showed “something” in the right upper lobe of my lung.  Not in the lung tissue itself, but in the right bronchus.  Given my history as an asthmatic, it was determined to be some sort of mucus plug.  I was told, “Melanoma NEVER looks like that.”  My husband did share one article that demonstrated that sometimes, it kind'a did!  But, I bowed to authority and watched and waited.  

In April of 2010, having been referred to a pulmonologist  who had also been watching and waiting on the lesion that never got worse, but never got better, finally did a bronchoscopy.  Sure enough, the gunk pulled out proved to be melanoma.  So…melanoma CAN look like that!  I do not hold any resentment toward either of the doctors.  I could have demanded a bronch much sooner.  It just proves that melanoma rears its ugly head in some very unpredictable ways and if you don’t study it every day, you won’t necessarily be prepared for it.  My mantra for melanoma patients everywhere:  Learn from me - GET YOURSELF A MELANOMA SPECIALIST!!!!

I was now Stage IV.  Before I could move on with fixing my lung, scans of my body were in order.  An MRI of the brain showed a 3 mm lesion in the right frontal cortex.  With that ringy-dingy, I was now shopping for a neuro surgeon and neuro radiologist, not to mention a thoracic surgeon for what I hoped would be only partial lung removal.  Trust me!  Bathing suit shopping is much more fun!

Docs found, blog started - as an easy way to update family and friends.  Since then this blog has evolved into a catharsis for me and my effort to provide a source of information and hope for others.  On April 27th I had stereotactic radiation to the brain, followed by right upper lobectomy of my lung on April 30th.  

As I recuperated from my surgeries, returned to work as a PNP in my pediatric office, and pondered what step to take next, in October 2010, my throat kept feeling really tight and weird.  I take a look.  A very strange black lump is visible peeking back and forth from behind the right tonsillar pillar.  Great!  Do I have to find all my melanoma myself?  An ear, nose and throat surgeon removed the affected tonsil and surrounding tissue.  Again.  Positive for melanoma.  It had not been noted on my recent PET scan.

 I knew I was in a serious downward spiral; too many recurrences, too quickly, in bad places.  I had to do something, but what?!!  At this point in melanoma world, Stage IV melanoma patients had a median survival of 8-9 months and only 15% lived more than 3 years after diagnosis.  The few treatment options available worked for only about 10% of patients.  Testing started on the BRAF inhibitors (a mutation for which I am positive) in 2008, but they were still in trials at this point - AND, because of my surgeries I had no measurable disease…something the trials required.  Vermurafenib and Dabrafenib were FDA approved in 2011 and 2013.  Despite most patients developing resistance to the drugs in 6-9 months (though combining them with MEK inhibitors has improved those numbers and decreased side effects) they have been a boon to many.  The immunotherapy, anti-CTLA-4, now known as Ipilimumab or Yervoy, was tested in mice in 1996.  It was in trials with human ratties in 2010, but unavailable to me.  Ipi achieved FDA approval in 2011.  In 2013, analysis of 12 studies examining more than 1,800 patients treated with Yervoy found that 22% of these Stage IV melanoma patients had survived 3 years or more with some approaching the ten year mark.

In December 2010, despite an odd 4 mm lesion of questionable origin now showing itself in the right parietal area of my brain, I was accepted into the Phase 1 anti-PD1 (Nivolumab, now called Opdivo) and peptide vaccine trial in Tampa, at Moffitt Cancer Center, with Dr. Jeffrey Weber, in which I remain today.  The lesion miraculously disappeared on subsequent MRI’s.  I was given 6 vaccine injections and Nivo at 1mg/kg every 2 weeks for 6 months and nivo alone every 3 months for two additional years.  My last dose of nivo was 21 months ago.  During the active portion of the trial I was followed with CT scans to neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis with an MRI of the brain every 3 months.  Progression would have meant expulsion.   I have now ‘graduated’ to every 6 month scans.  My last set were in February and I remain NED.

I will never be one of those people who say they are thankful for their cancer diagnosis.  No!  Melanoma has stolen much and exacted an incredible toll from those who loved me.  The time and financial costs expended have been more than I can calculate.  Friends and family have worried, been distressed, experienced pain.  My kids have born the burden in ways that came to light immediately and in the more detrimental process as a weight over time.  Yet…we are all here, together; having made the conscious decision to stick it out, to be there for one another.

People ask me how I do it.  How I go on, a bubbly, energetic person, in the face of all I have experienced and the fears I must continue to harbor?  In some ways, what choice do I have?  Though I would like to be able to say, “Melanoma didn’t change me!  I’m the same person I’ve always been!”  The truth is that melanoma and its tribulations have taught me much.  Yet, WE ALL CHOOSE, everyday, the person we want to be.  I have never spent time on, “Why me?”  I figure, “Why not me?  Nobody else deserves this crap either!!!”  But, I have raged at the persistent, inescapable nature of this beast.  As of yet, no one with melanoma can feel truly free, no matter how many surgeries or treatments endured.  There remains a chance, that melanoma is still there, just hiding, until it decides to attack again.  That is infuriating!!!  Knowing my loved ones, who have educated themselves about this beast such that they can hang with Melanoma Big Dogs, experience that fear, that worry – is crushing, if I dwell on it.  I am no Pollyanna.  But, I have worked to turn that rage into something of worth.  I try to help those seeking answers through my blog and on the melanoma forum of the Melanoma Research Foundation at melanoma.org.  I am not alone in that.  The site is a source of comfort, information and support due in large part to the generous melanoma patients who share their experiences and concern.  I figure if I was forced to learn about and from melanoma, I might as well share that knowledge with others.

So, how do I stay positive? Through my work with other melanoma patients, the children and families I’ve spent my life caring for and my own experiences, I have narrowed it down to this.  Love! Live!! Laugh!!!

Love!  Without the support of friends and family, I would not be here today.  That is not drama.  It is true.  They gave me strength, courage, distraction, and a REASON to continue when things seemed insurmountable.  Love will not always come from the sources you expect.  Sadly, some you think will be there for you will not.  However, love will spring fresh and true from places where you least expect it.  Beautiful and enduring.  

Live!  When first diagnosed and at various times since, I have been encouraged to lie down, rest, quit my job, take a break, etc.  There were those who thought I should not continue to pursue my master’s work…at least not right then.   Don’t do those runs and INSANITY work-outs.  Save your strength.  And while there are plenty of times when rest and breaks were important, if not essential, I NEEDED the normalcy of MY LIFE!  While working 12 hour shifts, running, exercising, completing two semesters of course work in one is decidedly NOT my recommendation for everyone, for me, taking care of children, being busy with my hobbies and friends was MY LIFE.  If I did not continue those things, I had lost my life, before melanoma took it from me.  So…LIVE!  YOUR life.  In whatever way feels right and real…for you…as best you can…as long as you can.

Laugh!  If you cannot learn to laugh at the crazy things that happen in melanoma world, you are in for buckets of tears.  Rude people, demeaning situations, physical pain, horrible fear – will happen.  BUT, there will also be something funny, right alongside.  I promise!!!  Scans, surgeries, participating in a rattie experiment (Oops, I’m sorry…a clinical trial!), come with some pretty cringe worthy, ludicrous moments.  Yet, traveling with my sister for my trial resulted in some of the most fun we have ever had! Planning metal-free comfy travel and scan attire is comic at best.  I offer great thanks to:  saggy booby lady, pilling sweater woman, mean woman in a snit on the plane, baldy at the car rental place and so many more characters, who might have ruined my day, had I let them.  Instead, they became adventures and opportunities to laugh like a hyena.  (NOT while they were looking!!!) Dear ones who sent pics of themselves on the potty while I was getting an infusion, saved up stories to distract me with when getting my injections, nurses who kept it real AND fun, sweet plans my husband has made to surprise and spoil – I thank you all.  

So, it is all a tangle isn’t it?  I would not be writing this had I not had melanoma and a blog.  I would not be here, living and laughing if not for my friends and random strangers.  It is a weird and wonderful world.  I am thankful for every moment in it.  I am grateful for all of you who spend those moments with me.  I wish you well.
Celeste Morris

Sunday, March 29, 2015

Radiation for melanoma...better when combined with immunotherapy!

More and more clarifying data have researchers convinced that abscopal effects and better patient outcomes when radiation is combined with a variety therapies are very real.  Now they are working to figure out HOW it happens, so that it can happen for more people.  Here's a roundup of some of the latest research:

Here's a link to a post from an article that speaks to the benefit of combining SRS with PD1 blockade:  srs-combined-with-anti-pd1-makes-things-better! (for mice at least)

Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice.  Deng, Liang, Burnette, et al.  The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Feb. 2014. 
High dose...radiation results in direct tumor cell death...augments tumor-specific immunity, which enhances tumor control...locally and distantly.  Unfortunately, local relapses often occur [after radiation] indicating that [radiation] induced responses are inadequate to maintain antitumor immunity. Therapeutic blockade of the T cell negative regulator PD-L1 can enhance T cell effector function when PD-L1 is expressed in chronically inflamed tissues and tumors.  [These researchers] demonstrate that PD-L1 was upregulated [around the tumor] after radiation.  Concomitant with tumor regression from radiation, they noted that radiation and anti-PD-L1 worked together to reduce the local accumulation of tumor-inflitrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)... {Note:  Remember, these are the bad guys that block your T cells.  In my study, the folks with high levels of MDSCs did least well, while those with the lowest levels did better.  That's why, some researchers, like Weber, are talking about depleting these cells in patients FIRST...then administering anti-PD1 or other immunotherapies!!}  So...the data acquired in this study demonstrated evidence of the interaction between radiation and T cells....and a basis for the rational design of combination therapy with immune modulators and radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy and Immunogenic Cell Death.  Golden and Apetoh.  Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Jan 2015.
In their review of radiotherapy induced immunogenic cell death....these peeps noted:  Advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie the interplay between radiation-invoked immune responses and tumor regression are underway.  ...  The dispersion of radiotherapy-induced immune-stimulating tumor antigens released from dying tumor cells into the surround milieu is one such exploitable process that contributes to the propagation of antitumor immunity.  Downstream components of the immune system may suppress, promote or ambiguously affect antitumoral responses.

Combination of Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.  Pilones, Vanpoiulle-Box, and Demaria.  Seminars in Radiation Oncology.  Jan 2015
...only recently [the ability of radiation to cause cell death and inflammatory reactions] has attracted the attention of immunologists seeking to induce or improve antitumor immunity.  As immune checkpoint inhibitors are becoming mainstream cancer treatments, radiation oncologists have begun to observe unexpected out-of-the-field (abscopal) responses in patients receiving radiation therapy during immunotherapy.  These unexpected responses were predicted by experimental work in preclinical tumor models and have clear biological bases.  ....evidence that radiation induces an immunogenic cell death and promotes recruitment and function of T cells within the tumor microenvironment supports the hypothesis that radiation can convert the tumor into an in situ individualized vaccine.  This property of radiation is key to its synergy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibodies targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death 1.  By removing obstacles hindering the activation and function of antitumor T cells, these agents benefit patients with pre-existing antitumor immunity but are ineffective in patients lacking these spontaneous responses.  Radiation induces antitumor T cells complementing the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Melanoma Brain Metastasis in Patients Receiving Ipilimumab:  Safety Profile and Efficacy of Combined Treatment.  Kiess, Wolchok, Baker, et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015 March. 
Ipi is a monoclonoal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, and has been shown to improve survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.  From 2005 - 2011, 46 patients with melanoma were given ipi and SRS for brain mets.  Radiation was a single dose.  Ipi was given at 3 or 10 mg/kg for 4 doses.  15 patients had SRS during ipi.  19 had SRS before ipi.  12 had SRs after ipi.  Patients treated with SRS during or before ipi had better overall survival and less regional recurrence.  (1 year OS = 65% vs 56% vs 40%.  1 year regional recurrence = 69% vs 64% vs 92%)  On MRI, an increase in BM diameter up to more than 150% was seen in 50% of patients treated during or before ipi, but in only 13% of patients treated after ipi.  Overall, ipi and SRS were well tolerated and concurrent delivery of ipi and SRS is associated with favorable locoregional control and possibly longer survival.  It may also cause a temporary increase in tumor size, possibly because of an enhanced immunomodulatory effect.

Radiation and dual checkpoint blockade activate non-redundant immune mechanisms in cancer.  Victor, Rech, Maity, Rengan, et al.  Nature.  March 2015. 
Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses, but optimal results will require combination with each other and other therapies....Here we report major tumor regressions in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with [ipi] and radiation, and reproduced this effect in mouse models.  Although combined treatment improved responses in irradiated and unirradiated tumors, resistance was common....analysis of mice revealed that resistance was due to upregulation of PD-L1 on melanoma cells and associated with T cell exhaustion.  ...Ipi (anti-CTLA4) inhibits T reg cells, thereby increasing the CD8 T cell to T reg ration.  Radiation enhances the diversity of the T cell receptor repertoire of intratumoral T cells.  Addition of PD-L1 blockade reverses T cell exhaustion to mitigate depression in the CD8/Treg ratio and further encourages ....T cell expansion.  Like the mice, patients on our clinical trial with melanoma showing high PD-L1 did not respond to radiation plus anti-CTLA4, demonstrated persistent T cell exhaustion, and rapidly progressed.  Thus, PD-L1 on melanoma cells allows tumors to escape anti-CTLA4 based therapy, and the combination of radiation, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-L1 promotes response and immunity through distinct mechanisms.

From mice to ratties and back to mice again. Thanks to both, the mechanism and chain of events stimulated by radiation is becoming clear.  It certainly seems that one should get your radiation BEFORE or DURING ipi (and probably other immunotherapies as well).  While radiation kills some tumor cells directly, perhaps more importantly, it sets off an immune response caused by an influx of tumor cell antigens.  When that response is aided by either anti-PD1, anti-CTLA-4 or both, T reg suppressor cells can be blocked, CD8 fighter T cells are increased, T cell exhaustion can be reversed and the invisible shroud in which melanoma cells like to hide, evaporates.  Despite the incredulity that must be swallowed to acknowledge that a somewhat mystical, minute, but deadly cellular war is being waged within my own body.....it sounds good to me!!! - c

Friday, March 27, 2015

NEW ipi vs nivo trial for resected melanoma patients!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

With all the advancements (ie new drugs) that have occurred over the past 4 years in the treatment of melanoma, several large HICCUPS remain for many, many patients.

But first....a quick review:

Ipi (Ipilimumab or Yervoy) - a CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor (immunotherapy).  FDA approved for patients with Stage IV metastatic melanoma.  Response rate = 15-20% for those patients.

BRAF inhibitors (Dabrafenib [Tafinlar] and Vemurafenib [Zelboraf]) - work only in patients with the BRAF mutation. FDA approved for metastatic melanoma. Response rate = 50-80% (depending on the group and study you look at - most researchers have now agreed upon 70% as the response rate).  Big problem with these drugs, apart from their effectiveness being limited to patients with the mutation, is that the duration of their effectiveness has been documented to be only 3-7 months.  However, with the addition of MEK inhibitors (Trametinib, Cobimetinib, Binimetinib, Selumetinib, and a few others) taken simultaneously, duration of effect has been lengthened and side effects have been diminished.

Anti-PD1 drugs (Nivolumab [Opdivo] and Pembrolizumab [Keytruda]) - Both are FDA approved for patients with Stage IV metastatic melanoma AFTER having failed ipi and BRAFi (if BRAF positive).  Have about a 40% response rate.

Have you guessed the HICCUPS yet?  Well, the first and most obvious one....is that the two drugs with the BEST RESPONSE RATES, given duration of effect and side effect profile, are FDA approved (read:  that's how insurance will pay for them!!!) only AFTER patients have failed to respond to ipi and BRAFi.  I could go on and on about that...but here is the other HICCUP....

I have had melanoma skin lesions, brain mets, a lung met and a tonsilar met.  I was also lucky enough to participate in a nivo trial for resected patients in 2010, took the drug for 2 1/2 years...and have been NED ever since.  BUT!!!  WHAT if?  What if I get a met, that I would be lucky enough to have surgically removed (because that....after all...is still what helps patients survive melanoma the most!!!)?  What treatment would I, a Stage IV melanoma patient with multiple recurrences, have access to after I removed the new met?  ONLY ONE!!!!!!!!!!!!

Interferon!! An ancient immunotherapy that was offered to me when I was first diagnosed.  It makes patients so sick that few are able to complete the year that is recommended and has a response rate of MAYBE 10% with very little impact on overall survival.

STILL!!!!   After all this time.  After all the ratties who like me....are doing well after resection and ANY of the drugs listed above.  After study after study has PROVEN that all of these drugs work best when the patient has the lowest disease burden possible.  That's it.  If you have Stage III/IV melanoma and have surgery to remove your tumor....the only option you have for treatment without being in a trial...is interferon.  (Even IL2 is not used in an adjuvant setting....and I'm not sure it should be since it is such a tough therapy that 2-3% of patients can die from the drug alone and that risk may not be a wise balance when you are resected.)

So...if you have resected melanoma with a high risk of recurrence here are your options:

Adjuvant trials currently being offered include -Vitamin supplements, various vaccines, quality of life and family hx with observation measurements, nifty tests to ID tumor markers, radiation, electroporated autologous dendritic cells, IL 2 vs Dacarbazine, Ipi vs high dose interferon, Tamimogene Lakerparevec and surgery vs surgery alone, Vemurafenib vs placebo, Dabrafenib with trametinib, and though not yet recruiting - Pembrolizumab vs placebo.

That's it.  Those are the trial options for resected patients.  The drugs with the most effect are often placed up against placebo.  But....there is a new trial option just starting....

IPI vs NIVO for Stage IIIb/c or Stage IV melanoma after complete resection

Dr. Weber spoke to us about it on our last visit, but it has only just been posted to the ClinicalTrials.gov site.  It is not yet recruiting, but will be soon.  I don't know of locations other than Tampa yet.  Complete resection is required.  No previous cancer treatments are allowed.  Patients with ocular and uveal melanoma are excluded.

So...there's the info.  It is certainly a trial I would have signed up for had it been available in 2010. I hope it helps many.  Here's to the ratties....who someday will convince the powers that be, that folks with resected melanoma need better REAL treatment options!!!  - c